The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland situated in the front part of the neck, just below the Adam’s apple. This gland forms part of the endocrine system and receives signals from the pituitary gland in the brain regarding when to produce and release thyroid hormones, known as triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play an important role in regulating an individual’s metabolism, as well as other bodily functions. In some cases, an imbalance in these hormones can occur, causing the thyroid to produce excess T3 and T4, which is usually diagnosed as an overactive thyroid, also known as hyperthyroidism.
Causes of Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism can be caused by various factors that contribute to the development of an overactive thyroid, such as:
- Autoimmune disease: Grave’s disease is one of the most common causes of hyperthyroidism. This autoimmune disease causes the immune system to create antibodies that attack thyroid cells, stimulating the thyroid to overproduce T4 and T3 in an attempt to maintain a hormonal balance. Grave’s disease can often be triggered by stress or infections.
- Thyroiditis: This refers to the inflammation of the thyroid gland, often caused by an autoimmune response or a viral infection. The inflammation causes the gland to swell and release excess T3 and T4 from its stores.
- Medications: Certain medications can lead to an increase in the production and release of thyroid hormones, particularly when one is over-treated for hypothyroidism.
- Excessive Iodine Intake: Iodine is essential for the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4. It is found in foods like seaweed, shellfish, and table salt, as well as in supplements. Excessive iodine intake can lead to increased production and release of thyroid hormones.
- Benign tumours: Non-cancerous tumours may develop on the thyroid or pituitary glands, resulting in the overproduction of thyroid hormones.
Common Symptoms
Individuals with hyperthyroidism can present with various symptoms, including unexplained weight loss (due to increased metabolism), anxiety, a rapid heart rate, heat intolerance, bulging eyes, muscle tremors, and sometimes, gynecomastia in males. These symptoms can affect a person’s quality of life and, if left untreated, can lead to serious health issues such as heart problems and ophthalmic complications.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing hyperthyroidism requires consultation with a general practitioner or endocrinologist. Doctors typically begin with a physical examination, assessing the thyroid and checking vitals like blood pressure. High systolic blood pressure and an enlarged thyroid gland are early indicators of hyperthyroidism. Blood tests can confirm the diagnosis by measuring thyroid hormone levels, cholesterol, glucose, and thyroid antibodies. Increased levels of thyroid hormones may indicate hyperthyroidism.
Imaging tests, such as an ultrasound of the thyroid or a radioactive iodine uptake scan, may also be used to assess thyroid function. If the uptake rate is fast, it suggests an overactive thyroid.
Complications
Untreated hyperthyroidism can result in various complications:
- Thyroiditis-related complications: Thyroiditis can cause temporary thyrotoxicosis, which may lead to a life-threatening thyroid storm. This condition is characterised by symptoms such as unconsciousness, agitation, jaundice, a high heart rate, and fever. It requires immediate treatment, typically with iodine solutions and beta-blockers.
- Thyroid storm: This is a severe complication of hyperthyroidism, requiring emergency medical treatment. If thyroid hormone production stabilises, patients may enter a euthyroid phase with normal hormone levels. However, some may progress to a hypothyroid phase, where the thyroid is underactive, leading to symptoms like cold skin, constipation, and low metabolism.
- Heart problems: Hyperthyroidism can lead to an abnormally fast heart rate and arrhythmias, which can ultimately result in heart failure.
- Visual complications: Grave’s ophthalmopathy can cause eye discomfort, dry or watery eyes, and light sensitivity.
- Bone health: The overactive thyroid can accelerate bone replacement, increasing the risk of early-onset osteoporosis.
Doctor and Treatment
If any of these symptoms occur, it is crucial to consult a doctor to prevent further complications. Treatment options for hyperthyroidism vary and may include medications, radioactive iodine therapy, or, in some cases, surgery to remove part of the thyroid gland. Proper medical guidance and treatment can significantly improve the patient’s quality of life and reduce the risk of long-term health issues.
